"""Support classes for automated testing.
* `AsyncTestCase` and `AsyncHTTPTestCase`: Subclasses of unittest.TestCase
with additional support for testing asynchronous (`.IOLoop`-based) code.
* `ExpectLog`: Make test logs less spammy.
* `main()`: A simple test runner (wrapper around unittest.main()) with support
for the tornado.autoreload module to rerun the tests when code changes.
"""
from __future__ import absolute_import, division, print_function
try:
from tornado import gen
from tornado.httpclient import AsyncHTTPClient
from tornado.httpserver import HTTPServer
from tornado.simple_httpclient import SimpleAsyncHTTPClient
from tornado.ioloop import IOLoop, TimeoutError
from tornado import netutil
from tornado.process import Subprocess
except ImportError:
# These modules are not importable on app engine. Parts of this module
# won't work, but e.g. main() will.
AsyncHTTPClient = None # type: ignore
gen = None # type: ignore
HTTPServer = None # type: ignore
IOLoop = None # type: ignore
netutil = None # type: ignore
SimpleAsyncHTTPClient = None # type: ignore
Subprocess = None # type: ignore
from tornado.log import app_log
from tornado.stack_context import ExceptionStackContext
from tornado.util import raise_exc_info, basestring_type, PY3
import functools
import inspect
import logging
import os
import re
import signal
import socket
import sys
try:
import asyncio
except ImportError:
asyncio = None
try:
from collections.abc import Generator as GeneratorType # type: ignore
except ImportError:
from types import GeneratorType # type: ignore
if sys.version_info >= (3, 5):
iscoroutine = inspect.iscoroutine # type: ignore
iscoroutinefunction = inspect.iscoroutinefunction # type: ignore
else:
iscoroutine = iscoroutinefunction = lambda f: False
# Tornado's own test suite requires the updated unittest module
# (either py27+ or unittest2) so tornado.test.util enforces
# this requirement, but for other users of tornado.testing we want
# to allow the older version if unitest2 is not available.
if PY3:
# On python 3, mixing unittest2 and unittest (including doctest)
# doesn't seem to work, so always use unittest.
import unittest
else:
# On python 2, prefer unittest2 when available.
try:
import unittest2 as unittest # type: ignore
except ImportError:
import unittest # type: ignore
if asyncio is None:
_NON_OWNED_IOLOOPS = ()
else:
import tornado.platform.asyncio
_NON_OWNED_IOLOOPS = tornado.platform.asyncio.AsyncIOMainLoop
[docs]def bind_unused_port(reuse_port=False):
"""Binds a server socket to an available port on localhost.
Returns a tuple (socket, port).
.. versionchanged:: 4.4
Always binds to ``127.0.0.1`` without resolving the name
``localhost``.
"""
sock = netutil.bind_sockets(None, '127.0.0.1', family=socket.AF_INET,
reuse_port=reuse_port)[0]
port = sock.getsockname()[1]
return sock, port
[docs]def get_async_test_timeout():
"""Get the global timeout setting for async tests.
Returns a float, the timeout in seconds.
.. versionadded:: 3.1
"""
try:
return float(os.environ.get('ASYNC_TEST_TIMEOUT'))
except (ValueError, TypeError):
return 5
class _TestMethodWrapper(object):
"""Wraps a test method to raise an error if it returns a value.
This is mainly used to detect undecorated generators (if a test
method yields it must use a decorator to consume the generator),
but will also detect other kinds of return values (these are not
necessarily errors, but we alert anyway since there is no good
reason to return a value from a test).
"""
def __init__(self, orig_method):
self.orig_method = orig_method
def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
result = self.orig_method(*args, **kwargs)
if isinstance(result, GeneratorType) or iscoroutine(result):
raise TypeError("Generator and coroutine test methods should be"
" decorated with tornado.testing.gen_test")
elif result is not None:
raise ValueError("Return value from test method ignored: %r" %
result)
def __getattr__(self, name):
"""Proxy all unknown attributes to the original method.
This is important for some of the decorators in the `unittest`
module, such as `unittest.skipIf`.
"""
return getattr(self.orig_method, name)
[docs]class AsyncTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
"""`~unittest.TestCase` subclass for testing `.IOLoop`-based
asynchronous code.
The unittest framework is synchronous, so the test must be
complete by the time the test method returns. This means that
asynchronous code cannot be used in quite the same way as usual
and must be adapted to fit. To write your tests with coroutines,
decorate your test methods with `tornado.testing.gen_test` instead
of `tornado.gen.coroutine`.
This class also provides the (deprecated) `stop()` and `wait()`
methods for a more manual style of testing. The test method itself
must call ``self.wait()``, and asynchronous callbacks should call
``self.stop()`` to signal completion.
By default, a new `.IOLoop` is constructed for each test and is available
as ``self.io_loop``. If the code being tested requires a
global `.IOLoop`, subclasses should override `get_new_ioloop` to return it.
The `.IOLoop`'s ``start`` and ``stop`` methods should not be
called directly. Instead, use `self.stop <stop>` and `self.wait
<wait>`. Arguments passed to ``self.stop`` are returned from
``self.wait``. It is possible to have multiple ``wait``/``stop``
cycles in the same test.
Example::
# This test uses coroutine style.
class MyTestCase(AsyncTestCase):
@tornado.testing.gen_test
def test_http_fetch(self):
client = AsyncHTTPClient()
response = yield client.fetch("http://www.tornadoweb.org")
# Test contents of response
self.assertIn("FriendFeed", response.body)
# This test uses argument passing between self.stop and self.wait.
class MyTestCase2(AsyncTestCase):
def test_http_fetch(self):
client = AsyncHTTPClient()
client.fetch("http://www.tornadoweb.org/", self.stop)
response = self.wait()
# Test contents of response
self.assertIn("FriendFeed", response.body)
"""
def __init__(self, methodName='runTest'):
super(AsyncTestCase, self).__init__(methodName)
self.__stopped = False
self.__running = False
self.__failure = None
self.__stop_args = None
self.__timeout = None
# It's easy to forget the @gen_test decorator, but if you do
# the test will silently be ignored because nothing will consume
# the generator. Replace the test method with a wrapper that will
# make sure it's not an undecorated generator.
setattr(self, methodName, _TestMethodWrapper(getattr(self, methodName)))
def setUp(self):
super(AsyncTestCase, self).setUp()
self.io_loop = self.get_new_ioloop()
self.io_loop.make_current()
def tearDown(self):
# Clean up Subprocess, so it can be used again with a new ioloop.
Subprocess.uninitialize()
self.io_loop.clear_current()
if not isinstance(self.io_loop, _NON_OWNED_IOLOOPS):
# Try to clean up any file descriptors left open in the ioloop.
# This avoids leaks, especially when tests are run repeatedly
# in the same process with autoreload (because curl does not
# set FD_CLOEXEC on its file descriptors)
self.io_loop.close(all_fds=True)
super(AsyncTestCase, self).tearDown()
# In case an exception escaped or the StackContext caught an exception
# when there wasn't a wait() to re-raise it, do so here.
# This is our last chance to raise an exception in a way that the
# unittest machinery understands.
self.__rethrow()
[docs] def get_new_ioloop(self):
"""Returns the `.IOLoop` to use for this test.
By default, a new `.IOLoop` is created for each test.
Subclasses may override this method to return
`.IOLoop.current()` if it is not appropriate to use a new
`.IOLoop` in each tests (for example, if there are global
singletons using the default `.IOLoop`) or if a per-test event
loop is being provided by another system (such as
``pytest-asyncio``).
"""
return IOLoop()
def _handle_exception(self, typ, value, tb):
if self.__failure is None:
self.__failure = (typ, value, tb)
else:
app_log.error("multiple unhandled exceptions in test",
exc_info=(typ, value, tb))
self.stop()
return True
def __rethrow(self):
if self.__failure is not None:
failure = self.__failure
self.__failure = None
raise_exc_info(failure)
def run(self, result=None):
with ExceptionStackContext(self._handle_exception, delay_warning=True):
super(AsyncTestCase, self).run(result)
# As a last resort, if an exception escaped super.run() and wasn't
# re-raised in tearDown, raise it here. This will cause the
# unittest run to fail messily, but that's better than silently
# ignoring an error.
self.__rethrow()
[docs] def stop(self, _arg=None, **kwargs):
"""Stops the `.IOLoop`, causing one pending (or future) call to `wait()`
to return.
Keyword arguments or a single positional argument passed to `stop()` are
saved and will be returned by `wait()`.
.. deprecated:: 5.1
`stop` and `wait` are deprecated; use ``@gen_test`` instead.
"""
assert _arg is None or not kwargs
self.__stop_args = kwargs or _arg
if self.__running:
self.io_loop.stop()
self.__running = False
self.__stopped = True
[docs] def wait(self, condition=None, timeout=None):
"""Runs the `.IOLoop` until stop is called or timeout has passed.
In the event of a timeout, an exception will be thrown. The
default timeout is 5 seconds; it may be overridden with a
``timeout`` keyword argument or globally with the
``ASYNC_TEST_TIMEOUT`` environment variable.
If ``condition`` is not None, the `.IOLoop` will be restarted
after `stop()` until ``condition()`` returns true.
.. versionchanged:: 3.1
Added the ``ASYNC_TEST_TIMEOUT`` environment variable.
.. deprecated:: 5.1
`stop` and `wait` are deprecated; use ``@gen_test`` instead.
"""
if timeout is None:
timeout = get_async_test_timeout()
if not self.__stopped:
if timeout:
def timeout_func():
try:
raise self.failureException(
'Async operation timed out after %s seconds' %
timeout)
except Exception:
self.__failure = sys.exc_info()
self.stop()
self.__timeout = self.io_loop.add_timeout(self.io_loop.time() + timeout,
timeout_func)
while True:
self.__running = True
self.io_loop.start()
if (self.__failure is not None or
condition is None or condition()):
break
if self.__timeout is not None:
self.io_loop.remove_timeout(self.__timeout)
self.__timeout = None
assert self.__stopped
self.__stopped = False
self.__rethrow()
result = self.__stop_args
self.__stop_args = None
return result
[docs]class AsyncHTTPTestCase(AsyncTestCase):
"""A test case that starts up an HTTP server.
Subclasses must override `get_app()`, which returns the
`tornado.web.Application` (or other `.HTTPServer` callback) to be tested.
Tests will typically use the provided ``self.http_client`` to fetch
URLs from this server.
Example, assuming the "Hello, world" example from the user guide is in
``hello.py``::
import hello
class TestHelloApp(AsyncHTTPTestCase):
def get_app(self):
return hello.make_app()
def test_homepage(self):
response = self.fetch('/')
self.assertEqual(response.code, 200)
self.assertEqual(response.body, 'Hello, world')
That call to ``self.fetch()`` is equivalent to ::
self.http_client.fetch(self.get_url('/'), self.stop)
response = self.wait()
which illustrates how AsyncTestCase can turn an asynchronous operation,
like ``http_client.fetch()``, into a synchronous operation. If you need
to do other asynchronous operations in tests, you'll probably need to use
``stop()`` and ``wait()`` yourself.
"""
def setUp(self):
super(AsyncHTTPTestCase, self).setUp()
sock, port = bind_unused_port()
self.__port = port
self.http_client = self.get_http_client()
self._app = self.get_app()
self.http_server = self.get_http_server()
self.http_server.add_sockets([sock])
def get_http_client(self):
return AsyncHTTPClient()
def get_http_server(self):
return HTTPServer(self._app, **self.get_httpserver_options())
[docs] def get_app(self):
"""Should be overridden by subclasses to return a
`tornado.web.Application` or other `.HTTPServer` callback.
"""
raise NotImplementedError()
[docs] def fetch(self, path, raise_error=False, **kwargs):
"""Convenience method to synchronously fetch a URL.
The given path will be appended to the local server's host and
port. Any additional kwargs will be passed directly to
`.AsyncHTTPClient.fetch` (and so could be used to pass
``method="POST"``, ``body="..."``, etc).
If the path begins with http:// or https://, it will be treated as a
full URL and will be fetched as-is.
If ``raise_error`` is True, a `tornado.httpclient.HTTPError` will
be raised if the response code is not 200. This is the same behavior
as the ``raise_error`` argument to `.AsyncHTTPClient.fetch`, but
the default is False here (it's True in `.AsyncHTTPClient`) because
tests often need to deal with non-200 response codes.
.. versionchanged:: 5.0
Added support for absolute URLs.
.. versionchanged:: 5.1
Added the ``raise_error`` argument.
.. deprecated:: 5.1
This method currently turns any exception into an
`.HTTPResponse` with status code 599. In Tornado 6.0,
errors other than `tornado.httpclient.HTTPError` will be
passed through, and ``raise_error=False`` will only
suppress errors that would be raised due to non-200
response codes.
"""
if path.lower().startswith(('http://', 'https://')):
url = path
else:
url = self.get_url(path)
return self.io_loop.run_sync(
lambda: self.http_client.fetch(url, raise_error=raise_error, **kwargs),
timeout=get_async_test_timeout())
[docs] def get_httpserver_options(self):
"""May be overridden by subclasses to return additional
keyword arguments for the server.
"""
return {}
[docs] def get_http_port(self):
"""Returns the port used by the server.
A new port is chosen for each test.
"""
return self.__port
def get_protocol(self):
return 'http'
[docs] def get_url(self, path):
"""Returns an absolute url for the given path on the test server."""
return '%s://127.0.0.1:%s%s' % (self.get_protocol(),
self.get_http_port(), path)
def tearDown(self):
self.http_server.stop()
self.io_loop.run_sync(self.http_server.close_all_connections,
timeout=get_async_test_timeout())
self.http_client.close()
super(AsyncHTTPTestCase, self).tearDown()
[docs]class AsyncHTTPSTestCase(AsyncHTTPTestCase):
"""A test case that starts an HTTPS server.
Interface is generally the same as `AsyncHTTPTestCase`.
"""
def get_http_client(self):
return AsyncHTTPClient(force_instance=True,
defaults=dict(validate_cert=False))
def get_httpserver_options(self):
return dict(ssl_options=self.get_ssl_options())
[docs] def get_ssl_options(self):
"""May be overridden by subclasses to select SSL options.
By default includes a self-signed testing certificate.
"""
# Testing keys were generated with:
# openssl req -new -keyout tornado/test/test.key \
# -out tornado/test/test.crt -nodes -days 3650 -x509
module_dir = os.path.dirname(__file__)
return dict(
certfile=os.path.join(module_dir, 'test', 'test.crt'),
keyfile=os.path.join(module_dir, 'test', 'test.key'))
def get_protocol(self):
return 'https'
[docs]def gen_test(func=None, timeout=None):
"""Testing equivalent of ``@gen.coroutine``, to be applied to test methods.
``@gen.coroutine`` cannot be used on tests because the `.IOLoop` is not
already running. ``@gen_test`` should be applied to test methods
on subclasses of `AsyncTestCase`.
Example::
class MyTest(AsyncHTTPTestCase):
@gen_test
def test_something(self):
response = yield self.http_client.fetch(self.get_url('/'))
By default, ``@gen_test`` times out after 5 seconds. The timeout may be
overridden globally with the ``ASYNC_TEST_TIMEOUT`` environment variable,
or for each test with the ``timeout`` keyword argument::
class MyTest(AsyncHTTPTestCase):
@gen_test(timeout=10)
def test_something_slow(self):
response = yield self.http_client.fetch(self.get_url('/'))
Note that ``@gen_test`` is incompatible with `AsyncTestCase.stop`,
`AsyncTestCase.wait`, and `AsyncHTTPTestCase.fetch`. Use ``yield
self.http_client.fetch(self.get_url())`` as shown above instead.
.. versionadded:: 3.1
The ``timeout`` argument and ``ASYNC_TEST_TIMEOUT`` environment
variable.
.. versionchanged:: 4.0
The wrapper now passes along ``*args, **kwargs`` so it can be used
on functions with arguments.
"""
if timeout is None:
timeout = get_async_test_timeout()
def wrap(f):
# Stack up several decorators to allow us to access the generator
# object itself. In the innermost wrapper, we capture the generator
# and save it in an attribute of self. Next, we run the wrapped
# function through @gen.coroutine. Finally, the coroutine is
# wrapped again to make it synchronous with run_sync.
#
# This is a good case study arguing for either some sort of
# extensibility in the gen decorators or cancellation support.
@functools.wraps(f)
def pre_coroutine(self, *args, **kwargs):
result = f(self, *args, **kwargs)
if isinstance(result, GeneratorType) or iscoroutine(result):
self._test_generator = result
else:
self._test_generator = None
return result
if iscoroutinefunction(f):
coro = pre_coroutine
else:
coro = gen.coroutine(pre_coroutine)
@functools.wraps(coro)
def post_coroutine(self, *args, **kwargs):
try:
return self.io_loop.run_sync(
functools.partial(coro, self, *args, **kwargs),
timeout=timeout)
except TimeoutError as e:
# run_sync raises an error with an unhelpful traceback.
# If the underlying generator is still running, we can throw the
# exception back into it so the stack trace is replaced by the
# point where the test is stopped. The only reason the generator
# would not be running would be if it were cancelled, which means
# a native coroutine, so we can rely on the cr_running attribute.
if getattr(self._test_generator, 'cr_running', True):
self._test_generator.throw(e)
# In case the test contains an overly broad except
# clause, we may get back here.
# Coroutine was stopped or didn't raise a useful stack trace,
# so re-raise the original exception which is better than nothing.
raise
return post_coroutine
if func is not None:
# Used like:
# @gen_test
# def f(self):
# pass
return wrap(func)
else:
# Used like @gen_test(timeout=10)
return wrap
# Without this attribute, nosetests will try to run gen_test as a test
# anywhere it is imported.
gen_test.__test__ = False # type: ignore
[docs]class ExpectLog(logging.Filter):
"""Context manager to capture and suppress expected log output.
Useful to make tests of error conditions less noisy, while still
leaving unexpected log entries visible. *Not thread safe.*
The attribute ``logged_stack`` is set to true if any exception
stack trace was logged.
Usage::
with ExpectLog('tornado.application', "Uncaught exception"):
error_response = self.fetch("/some_page")
.. versionchanged:: 4.3
Added the ``logged_stack`` attribute.
"""
def __init__(self, logger, regex, required=True):
"""Constructs an ExpectLog context manager.
:param logger: Logger object (or name of logger) to watch. Pass
an empty string to watch the root logger.
:param regex: Regular expression to match. Any log entries on
the specified logger that match this regex will be suppressed.
:param required: If true, an exception will be raised if the end of
the ``with`` statement is reached without matching any log entries.
"""
if isinstance(logger, basestring_type):
logger = logging.getLogger(logger)
self.logger = logger
self.regex = re.compile(regex)
self.required = required
self.matched = False
self.logged_stack = False
def filter(self, record):
if record.exc_info:
self.logged_stack = True
message = record.getMessage()
if self.regex.match(message):
self.matched = True
return False
return True
def __enter__(self):
self.logger.addFilter(self)
return self
def __exit__(self, typ, value, tb):
self.logger.removeFilter(self)
if not typ and self.required and not self.matched:
raise Exception("did not get expected log message")
[docs]def main(**kwargs):
"""A simple test runner.
This test runner is essentially equivalent to `unittest.main` from
the standard library, but adds support for tornado-style option
parsing and log formatting. It is *not* necessary to use this
`main` function to run tests using `AsyncTestCase`; these tests
are self-contained and can run with any test runner.
The easiest way to run a test is via the command line::
python -m tornado.testing tornado.test.stack_context_test
See the standard library unittest module for ways in which tests can
be specified.
Projects with many tests may wish to define a test script like
``tornado/test/runtests.py``. This script should define a method
``all()`` which returns a test suite and then call
`tornado.testing.main()`. Note that even when a test script is
used, the ``all()`` test suite may be overridden by naming a
single test on the command line::
# Runs all tests
python -m tornado.test.runtests
# Runs one test
python -m tornado.test.runtests tornado.test.stack_context_test
Additional keyword arguments passed through to ``unittest.main()``.
For example, use ``tornado.testing.main(verbosity=2)``
to show many test details as they are run.
See http://docs.python.org/library/unittest.html#unittest.main
for full argument list.
.. versionchanged:: 5.0
This function produces no output of its own; only that produced
by the `unittest` module (Previously it would add a PASS or FAIL
log message).
"""
from tornado.options import define, options, parse_command_line
define('exception_on_interrupt', type=bool, default=True,
help=("If true (default), ctrl-c raises a KeyboardInterrupt "
"exception. This prints a stack trace but cannot interrupt "
"certain operations. If false, the process is more reliably "
"killed, but does not print a stack trace."))
# support the same options as unittest's command-line interface
define('verbose', type=bool)
define('quiet', type=bool)
define('failfast', type=bool)
define('catch', type=bool)
define('buffer', type=bool)
argv = [sys.argv[0]] + parse_command_line(sys.argv)
if not options.exception_on_interrupt:
signal.signal(signal.SIGINT, signal.SIG_DFL)
if options.verbose is not None:
kwargs['verbosity'] = 2
if options.quiet is not None:
kwargs['verbosity'] = 0
if options.failfast is not None:
kwargs['failfast'] = True
if options.catch is not None:
kwargs['catchbreak'] = True
if options.buffer is not None:
kwargs['buffer'] = True
if __name__ == '__main__' and len(argv) == 1:
print("No tests specified", file=sys.stderr)
sys.exit(1)
# In order to be able to run tests by their fully-qualified name
# on the command line without importing all tests here,
# module must be set to None. Python 3.2's unittest.main ignores
# defaultTest if no module is given (it tries to do its own
# test discovery, which is incompatible with auto2to3), so don't
# set module if we're not asking for a specific test.
if len(argv) > 1:
unittest.main(module=None, argv=argv, **kwargs)
else:
unittest.main(defaultTest="all", argv=argv, **kwargs)
if __name__ == '__main__':
main()